Contaminación por plásticos y salud animal en tortugas verdes juveniles en Ecuador

Los vertebrados marinos, especialmente las tortugas verdes, son particularmente vulnerables a la contaminación por plásticos, ya sea por ingestión o enredos. Este estudio investigó a tortugas verdes juveniles (Chelonia mydas) en dos parques nacionales de Ecuador (Galápagos y Machalilla) para evaluar la prevalencia de contaminación por plásticos en sus heces y su impacto potencial en diversas métricas de salud. Se analizaron muestras fecales de 46 tortugas juveniles utilizando espectroscopía infrarroja de transformación de Fourier (FT-IR) para cuantificar microplásticos (MPs). Además, se empleó una metodología complementaria de extracción líquida presurizada con pirólisis-doble inyección de cromatografía de masas por espectrometría de gases (Pyr-GC/MS) para cuantificar las concentraciones de polímeros sintéticos. Los resultados de estos análisis se compararon con analitos sanguíneos.

El análisis FT-IR reveló un promedio de 4.4±5.2 MPs/g en las muestras fecales, con las mayores cantidades encontradas en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos (RMG). La forma más común de MPs identificada fueron las fibras (x̄ = 3.8±4.5 MPs/g), siendo los polímeros sintéticos predominantes el alcohol polivinílico (PVOH) y los poliacrilatos (PMMA). La ingesta diaria de MPs por parte de las tortugas muestreadas varió desde un mínimo de 312±409 MPs/día hasta un máximo de 430±563 MPs/día. El análisis Pyr-GC/MS detectó polietileno (PE) con un promedio de 367±1158 μg/g y polipropileno (PP) con un promedio de 155±434 μg/g en las muestras fecales, con los niveles más altos de contaminación observados en la RMG.

Ambas técnicas, FT-IR y Pyr-GC/MS, detectaron contaminación plástica en el 98% de la población muestreada. Aunque los métodos presentaron ligeras diferencias en los resultados debido a variaciones metodológicas, ambos apoyaron el hallazgo de que las tortugas en la RMG estuvieron expuestas a mayores tasas de ingestión de plásticos. A pesar de que las tortugas parecían clínicamente sanas según el análisis de sangre, se observaron diferencias significativas en once métricas de salud entre las tortugas clasificadas como menos y más en riesgo por contaminación plástica. Se requiere más investigación para comprender las posibles implicaciones para la salud de estos hallazgos.

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In 2022, the Galapagos Science Center (GSC) and the broader UNC & USFQ Galapagos Initiative will celebrate its 10th Anniversary. We are proud to announce the World Summit on Island Sustainability scheduled to be held on June 26–30, 2022 at the Galapagos Science Center and the Community Convention Center on San Cristobal Island.

The content of the World Summit will be distributed globally through social media and results documented through papers published in a book written as part of the Galapagos Book Series by Springer Nature and edited by Steve Walsh (UNC) & Carlos Mena (USFQ) as well as Jill Stewart (UNC) and Juan Pablo Muñoz (GSC/USC). The book will be inclusive and accessible by the broader island community including scientists, managers, residents, tourists, and government and non-government organizations.

While the most obvious goal of organizing the World Summit on Island Sustainability is to celebrate the 10th Anniversary of the GSC and the UNC-USFQ Galapagos Initiative, other goals will be addressed through special opportunities created as part of our operational planning of the World Summit.

For instance, we seek to elevate and highlight the Galapagos in the island conservation discourse, seeking to interact with other island networks in more obvious and conspicuous ways to benefit the Galapagos Islands, the UNC-USFQ Galapagos Initiative, and the world. We will seize the opportunity to further develop the I2N2 – International Islands Network-of-Networks. Further, we wish to highlight and emphasize multiple visions of a sustainable future for the Galapagos Islands and we cannot do this alone. Therefore, engaging the Ecuadorian Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Tourism, the Government Council of Galapagos, the Galapagos National Park, and local Galapagos authorities, including government and non-government organizations and local citizen groups, is imperative.

The Galapagos Science Center on San Cristobal Island, Galapagos

Borrowing from Hawaii’s and Guam’s Green Growth Program and the Global Island Partnership, we wish to examine existing global programs that emphasize island sustainability and their incorporation into life, policies, and circumstances in the Galapagos Islands. We will also seek to enhance our connections with the institutional members of our International Galapagos Science Consortium and expand the Consortium through the recruitment of other member institutions. We will also work to benefit islands and their local communities by working with citizen groups as well as important NGOs who seek to improve the natural conditions in the Galapagos and diminish the impact of the human dimension on the future of Galapagos’ ecosystems.

Lastly, we will use the World Summit to benefit UNC & USFQ and our constituencies through a strong and vibrant communication plan about the World Summit, creating corporate relationships as sponsors, identifying funding goals through donors, and benefiting our study abroad program for student engagement in the Galapagos Islands. We plan to develop and issue a Galapagos Sustainability Communique after the World Summit that includes the vision and insights of all its participants for a sustainable Galapagos with applicability to global island settings.

We are eager to hear your perspective and have you join us at the World Summit on Island Sustainability!