Lo que Darwin no pudo ver: la formación de islas y los niveles históricos del mar dan forma a la divergencia genética y la biogeografía de islas en una especie marina costera

Autores: Maximilian Hirschfeld, Adam Barnett, Marcus Sheaves y Christine Dudgeon 

Las islas oceánicas desempeñan un papel central en el estudio de la evolución y la biogeografía insular. Las Islas Galápagos son uno de los archipiélagos oceánicos más estudiados, pero la investigación se ha centrado casi exclusivamente en organismos terrestres en comparación con las especies marinas. En este estudio, utilizamos el tiburón cebra de Galápagos (Heterodontus quoyi) y los polimorfismos de nucleótido único (SNP) para examinar los procesos evolutivos y sus consecuencias para la divergencia genética y la biogeografía insular en una especie marina de aguas someras sin dispersión larval. La separación secuencial de las islas individuales de un grupo central de islas estableció gradualmente diferentes profundidades oceánicas entre las islas, lo que representa barreras para la dispersión en H. quoyi. El análisis de aislamiento por resistencia sugirió que la batimetría oceánica y las fluctuaciones históricas del nivel del mar modificaron la conectividad genética. Estos procesos dieron lugar a al menos tres grupos genéticos que muestran una baja diversidad genética y tamaños efectivos de población que se escalan con el tamaño de la isla y el nivel de aislamiento geográfico. Nuestros resultados ejemplifican que la formación de islas y los ciclos climáticos moldean la divergencia genética y la biogeografía de los organismos marinos costeros con dispersión limitada, comparables a los taxones terrestres. Debido a que escenarios similares existen en las islas oceánicas de todo el mundo, nuestra investigación proporciona una nueva perspectiva sobre la evolución y la biogeografía marina con implicaciones para la conservación de la biodiversidad insular.

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In 2022, the Galapagos Science Center (GSC) and the broader UNC & USFQ Galapagos Initiative will celebrate its 10th Anniversary. We are proud to announce the World Summit on Island Sustainability scheduled to be held on June 26–30, 2022 at the Galapagos Science Center and the Community Convention Center on San Cristobal Island.

The content of the World Summit will be distributed globally through social media and results documented through papers published in a book written as part of the Galapagos Book Series by Springer Nature and edited by Steve Walsh (UNC) & Carlos Mena (USFQ) as well as Jill Stewart (UNC) and Juan Pablo Muñoz (GSC/USC). The book will be inclusive and accessible by the broader island community including scientists, managers, residents, tourists, and government and non-government organizations.

While the most obvious goal of organizing the World Summit on Island Sustainability is to celebrate the 10th Anniversary of the GSC and the UNC-USFQ Galapagos Initiative, other goals will be addressed through special opportunities created as part of our operational planning of the World Summit.

For instance, we seek to elevate and highlight the Galapagos in the island conservation discourse, seeking to interact with other island networks in more obvious and conspicuous ways to benefit the Galapagos Islands, the UNC-USFQ Galapagos Initiative, and the world. We will seize the opportunity to further develop the I2N2 – International Islands Network-of-Networks. Further, we wish to highlight and emphasize multiple visions of a sustainable future for the Galapagos Islands and we cannot do this alone. Therefore, engaging the Ecuadorian Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Tourism, the Government Council of Galapagos, the Galapagos National Park, and local Galapagos authorities, including government and non-government organizations and local citizen groups, is imperative.

The Galapagos Science Center on San Cristobal Island, Galapagos

Borrowing from Hawaii’s and Guam’s Green Growth Program and the Global Island Partnership, we wish to examine existing global programs that emphasize island sustainability and their incorporation into life, policies, and circumstances in the Galapagos Islands. We will also seek to enhance our connections with the institutional members of our International Galapagos Science Consortium and expand the Consortium through the recruitment of other member institutions. We will also work to benefit islands and their local communities by working with citizen groups as well as important NGOs who seek to improve the natural conditions in the Galapagos and diminish the impact of the human dimension on the future of Galapagos’ ecosystems.

Lastly, we will use the World Summit to benefit UNC & USFQ and our constituencies through a strong and vibrant communication plan about the World Summit, creating corporate relationships as sponsors, identifying funding goals through donors, and benefiting our study abroad program for student engagement in the Galapagos Islands. We plan to develop and issue a Galapagos Sustainability Communique after the World Summit that includes the vision and insights of all its participants for a sustainable Galapagos with applicability to global island settings.

We are eager to hear your perspective and have you join us at the World Summit on Island Sustainability!